Mu 2017, mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Irma inazungulira Miami-Dade ndi South Florida.
Kudera lonselo, Gulu la 4 la mphepo yamkuntho linagunda Florida Keys pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa, ndipo mphepo yamkuntho inamveka bwino kwambiri. Zinali zoipa mokwanira: Mphepo ndi mvula zinawononga madenga, kudula mitengo ndi zingwe zamagetsi, ndipo mphamvu inatha kwa masiku ambiri - odziwika kwambiri, okalamba a 12 ku Broward County anathera m'nyumba zosungirako okalamba opanda mphamvu.
Komabe, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Biscayne Bay, Irma anali ndi mphepo yofanana ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya Gulu 1 - yamphamvu kwambiri kuti itumize mamita atatu kupita kumtunda wa 6 wa madzi akusamba pazitsulo zingapo m'madera a Miami Brickell ndi Coconut Grove, kuwononga piers, docks ndi mabwato. , misewu yodzaza madzi kwa masiku ambiri inasefukira ndi Nyanja ya Biscay ndi zipolopolo, ndi kusonkhanitsa mabwato oyenda ndi mabwato ena m’mphepete mwa nyumba ndi mabwalo ku South Bay Boulevard ndi kugombe la nyanjayo.
Ngalande zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimabwereranso pamene mafunde akuyenda kumtunda, kusefukira m'madera, m'misewu ndi m'nyumba.
Kuwonongeka komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha makoma othamanga kwambiri a gombeli, ngakhale kuti sikokwanira komanso kukula kwake, nthawi zambiri kumatenga zaka ndi mamiliyoni a madola kuti akonze.
Komabe, ngati mphepo yamkunthoyo ikanakhala yofanana ndi ya Hurricane Yang, idzakankhira mphepo yamkuntho ya mamita 15 pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Fort Myers Beach, kugunda mwachindunji Key Biscayne ndi malo omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri omwe akukhala pazilumba zotchinga zomwe zimateteza. Izi zikuphatikiza Biscayne Bay, Miami Beach, ndi matauni am'mphepete mwa nyanja omwe ali pamtunda wamakilomita angapo kumpoto motsatira zisumbu zovuta zotchinga.
Akatswiri amanena kuti nkhawa za anthu za mphepo yamkuntho zimayang'ana kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa mphepo. Koma mkuntho waukulu, wocheperako wa Gulu 4 ngati Mphepo yamkuntho Yan ipangitsa mafunde oopsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Miami-Dade komanso kumtunda kuposa momwe mapu a Hurricane Center Irma akuwonetsa.
Akatswiri ambiri amati Miami-Dade imakhalabe yosakonzekera m'njira zambiri, m'maganizo ndi m'thupi, pamene tikupitiriza kukulitsa okhalamo ndikuthana ndi ziwopsezo za nyanja ndi pansi pa nyanja kuchokera ku Miami Beach kupita ku Brickell ndi South Miami-Dade. Madzi apansi panthaka akwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.
Akuluakulu aboma m'maboma ndi mizinda yomwe ili pachiwopsezo amadziwa bwino za ngozizi. Malamulo omanga amafunikira kale nyumba zatsopano zogonamo komanso zamalonda m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha mafunde kuti akwezedwe kuti madzi adutse popanda kuwononga. Miami Beach ndi Biscayne Bay awononga madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndi thandizo la boma kuti abwezeretse chitetezo cha dune ndi kukonza magombe m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Akuluakulu a boma akuyesetsa kupeza njira zatsopano zochepetsera mvula yamkuntho, kuchokera ku matanthwe ochita kupanga a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kupita kuzilumba zatsopano za mangrove ndi "madera okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja" m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Koma ngakhale njira zabwino zothanirana ndi vutoli zingachepetse m'malo moletsa kugwa kwa mphepo yamkuntho. Ambiri a iwo ali kutali. Komabe, adatha kupambana zaka pafupifupi 30 kusanachitike kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja kunawononganso mipanda. Pakali pano, zikwi za nyumba zakale ndi nyumba zomwe zili pansi zimakhalabe pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuwonjezereka kwa magetsi.
"Zimene mukuwona kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Florida zatipangitsa kukhala okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiwopsezo chathu ndi zomwe tifunika kuchita," anatero Roland Samimi, mkulu woyang'anira chitetezo cha mudzi wa Biscayne Bay, womwe uli pamtunda wa 3. 4 pamwamba pa nyanja. kwa ovota. $ 100 miliyoni m'mitsinje yopereka ndalama zovomerezeka kuti zithandizire ntchito zazikulu zolimba mtima.
"Mungathe kudziteteza ku mafunde. Nthawi zonse padzakhala chikoka. Simudzachichotsa konse. Sungagonjetse mafunde.”
Pamene chimphepo chamkunthochi chikafika ku Biscayne Bay nthawi ina m'tsogolomu, madzi ovuta adzakwera kuchokera kumalo oyambira: malinga ndi mafunde a NOAA, mafunde a m'nyanja yam'deralo awonjezeka ndi oposa 100 peresenti kuyambira 1950. Yakwera ndi mainchesi 8 ndipo ikuyembekezeka. kuti adzauka. ndi 16 mpaka 32 mainchesi ndi 2070, malinga ndi Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Agreement.
Akatswiri amati kulemera kwakukulu ndi mphamvu ya mafunde othamanga ndi mafunde amphamvu amatha kuwononga nyumba, milatho, ma gridi amagetsi ndi zipangizo zina zapagulu kuposa mphepo, mvula ndi kusefukira kwa madzi m'madera ovuta a Miami-Dade. Madzi, osati mphepo, ndi amene amachititsa imfa zambiri za mkuntho. Izi n’zimene zinachitikadi pamene mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Ian inaphulitsa madzi ochuluka m’magombe a Captiva ndi Fort Myers kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Florida, ndipo nthaŵi zina n’kupita m’nyumba, m’milatho ndi m’nyumba zina pazisumbu ziwiri zotchinga. Anthu 120, ambiri a iwo anamira.
"Madzi oyendayenda ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu ndipo ndizomwe zimayambitsa zowonongeka," adatero Dennis Hector, pulofesa wa zomangamanga pa yunivesite ya Miami komanso katswiri wochepetsera mphepo yamkuntho ndi kubwezeretsanso mapangidwe.
Mapu ochokera ku Hurricane Center amasonyeza kuti dera la Miami ndilosavuta kuphulika kuposa dera la Fort Myers, komanso kuposa mizinda ya kumpoto kwa nyanja monga Fort Lauderdale kapena Palm Beach. Izi zili choncho chifukwa madzi a ku Biscayne Bay ndi osaya kwambiri ndipo amatha kudzaza ngati bafa ndikusefukira mwamphamvu kwa makilomita ambiri kumtunda, kudutsa Biscayne Bay ndi kuseri kwa gombe.
Avereji yakuya kwa bay ndi zosakwana mapazi asanu ndi limodzi. Kumunsi kwa Biscayne Bay kunapangitsa kuti madzi aunjikane ndi kukwera okha pamene chimphepo chamkuntho chinakokolola madziwo kumtunda. Madera otsika omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 35 kuchokera ku bay, kuphatikizapo Homestead, Cutler Bay, Palmetto Bay, Pinecrest, Coconut Grove, ndi Gables by the Sea, ali pachiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi ku South Florida.
Penny Tannenbaum anali ndi mwayi pamene Irma anafika pamphepete mwa nyanja ku Coconut Grove: anasamuka, ndipo nyumba yake ku Fairhaven Place, Bay Street pa ngalandeyi, inali pafupi ndi madzi osefukira. Koma atafika kunyumba anapeza madzi ataima. Pansi, makoma, mipando ndi makabati zidawonongeka.
Kununkha—kusakaniza dothi lamatope ndi zinyalala—kunali kosapiririka. Kontrakitala yemwe adamulemba ntchito adalowa mnyumbamo atavala chigoba cha gasi. Misewu yozungulira inali yokutidwa ndi dothi lotayirira.
Tannenbaum akukumbukira motero:
Zonsezi, mphepo yamkunthoyo inawononga nyumba ndi katundu wa Tannenbaum pafupifupi $300,000 ndipo inachititsa kuti Tannenbaum asachoke panyumba kwa miyezi 11.
Kunenedweratu kwa National Hurricane Center ku Yan kudayitanitsa mafunde akulu mumsewu waku South Miami-Dade njira yamphepo yamkuntho isanatembenukire kumpoto kuchokera ku South Florida.
"Dadeland ili ndi madzi mpaka ku US 1 ndi kupitirira," adatero Brian House, wapampando wa dipatimenti ya sayansi yapamadzi ku Johnston School of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences. Rosenthal ku yunivesite ya Michigan, yemwe amayendetsa labotale yoyeserera ya mvula yamkuntho. "Ichi ndi chisonyezo chabwino cha momwe tilili pachiwopsezo."
Ngati Irma sanasinthenso njira, zotsatira zake pa Miami-Dade zikanakhala zoipitsitsa kangapo, zolosera zikusonyeza.
Pa September 7, 2017, kutatsala masiku atatu Irma asanafike ku Florida, National Hurricane Center inaneneratu kuti mphepo yamkuntho ya Gulu 4 idzagwera kum'mwera kwa Miami isanatembenukire kumpoto ndi kusesa gombe lakum'mawa kwa boma.
Ngati Irma akanakhalabe panjira iyi, zilumba zotchinga monga Miami Beach ndi Key Biscayne zikanamizidwa kwathunthu pamtunda wa mkuntho. Ku South Dade, madzi osefukira adzasefukira inchi iliyonse ya Homestead, Cutler Bay ndi Palmetto Bay kummawa kwa US. 1, ndikuwoloka msewu waukulu kupita kumadera otsika kumadzulo, zomwe zimatha kutenga masiku kapena masabata kuti ziume. Mtsinje wa Miami ndi ngalande zambiri ku South Florida zimakhala ngati njira yamadzi yopereka njira zingapo kuti madzi alowe mkati.
Zinachitika kale. Kawiri m'zaka 100 zapitazi, Miami-Dade yawona mvula yamkuntho yamphamvu ngati Jan ku Gulf Coast.
Mkuntho wa Hurricane Andrew usanachitike mu 1992, mbiri yaku South Florida yamkuntho idachitika ndi mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Miami ya 1926, yomwe idakankhira madzi opitilira 15 m'mphepete mwa mitengo ya kokonati. Mphepo yamkunthoyo idatsukanso madzi mamita asanu ndi atatu mpaka asanu ndi anayi ku Miami Beach. Memo yovomerezeka kuchokera ku ofesi ya Miami Weather Service ikuwonetsa kukula kwa kuwonongeka.
“Miami Beach inasefukira kotheratu, ndipo pa mafunde aakulu nyanja inafikira ku Miami,” analemba motero mkulu wa ofesiyo Richard Gray mu 1926. “Misewu yonse ya Miami Beach pafupi ndi nyanjayi inali yokutidwa ndi mchenga wozama mamita angapo, ndipo m’madera ena. malo magalimoto anakwiriridwa kwathunthu. Patangopita masiku ochepa chimphepocho chinachitika, galimoto ina inakumbidwa mumchenga ndipo mkati mwake munali mwamuna, mkazi wake komanso matupi a ana awiri” .
Mphepo yamkuntho yotchedwa Hurricane Andrew, mkuntho wa Gulu 5 komanso mkuntho wamphamvu kwambiri womwe udachitikapo ku United States, unaphwanya mbiri ya 1926. Kumayambiriro kwa chigumulacho, madziwo anafika pafupifupi mamita 17 pamwamba pa nyanja yachibadwa, monga momwe amayezera ndi matope omwe anaikidwa pamakoma a chipinda chachiwiri cha likulu lakale la Burger King, lomwe tsopano lili ku Palmetto Bay. Mafundewa anawononga nyumba yomangidwa ndi matabwa pafupi ndi Dearing estate ndipo anasiya chombo chofufuzira cha mamita 105 kuseri kwa nyumbayo kuchokera ku Old Cutler Drive.
Komabe, Andrey anali mkuntho wochepa. Kuphulika kosiyanasiyana komwe kumapanga, ngakhale kuli kolimba, kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.
Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi nyumba zawonjezeka kwambiri m'madera omwe ali pachiopsezo kwambiri. Pazaka zapitazi za 20, chitukuko chapanga zikwi za nyumba zatsopano, zogona m'madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi a Edgewater ndi Brickell Miami, midzi yomwe ili ndi kusefukira kwa Coral Gables ndi Cutler Bay, ndi Miami Beach ndi Sunshine Banks ndi House Islands Beach. .
Ku Brickell kokha, kusefukira kwa nyumba zatsopano zazitali kwachulukitsa chiwerengero cha anthu kuchoka pa 55,000 mu 2010 kufika pa 68,716 pa kalembera wa 2020. Deta ya kalembera ikuwonetsa kuti zip code 33131, imodzi mwa zip code zitatu zokhala ndi Brickell, yachuluka kanayi m'manyumba pakati pa 2000 ndi 2020.
Ku Biscayne Bay, chiwerengero cha anthu okhala chaka chonse chawonjezeka kuchoka pa 10,500 mu 2000 kufika pa 14,800 mu 2020, ndipo chiwerengero cha nyumba zawonjezeka kuchoka pa 4,240 kufika pa 6,929. ngalande, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu chikuwonjezeka kuchoka pa 7,000 kufika pa 49,250 panthawi yomweyi. Kuyambira 2010, Cutler Bay yalandira anthu pafupifupi 5,000 ndipo lero ili ndi anthu opitilira 45,000.
Ku Miami Beach ndi mizinda yomwe ikupita kumpoto mpaka ku Sunny Isles Beach ndi Gold Beach, anthu adakhazikika chaka chonse pomwe ogwira ntchito osakhalitsa adagula nyumba zatsopano, koma kuchuluka kwa nyumba pambuyo pa 2000 Chiwerengero cha anthu malinga ndi kalembera wa 2020. ndi anthu 105,000.
Onsewa ali pachiwopsezo cha mafunde amphamvu ndipo adasamutsidwa panthawi yamphepo yamkuntho. Koma akatswiri akuopa kuti mwina ena sangamvetse bwino za kuopsa kwa kuchitidwa opaleshoniyo kapena kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa zomwe zanenedweratuzo. Ndi anthu ambiri okhala panyumba pomwe mphepo yamkuntho idakula mwachangu ndikutsamira kumwera isanagwe, chisokonezo kapena kutanthauzira molakwika za kusintha kwa Yang komwe akuyembekezeredwa kutha kuchedwetsa kulamula kwa Lee County kuti asamuke ndikupangitsa kuti chiwopsezo chikhale chokwera.
Nyumba ya UM inanena kuti kusintha kwa mayendedwe a namondwe wa makilomita ochepa chabe kungapangitse kusiyana pakati pa mvula yamkuntho yowononga ngati yomwe ikuwoneka ku Fort Myers ndi kuwonongeka kochepa. Mphepo yamkuntho Andrew idatembenuka mphindi yomaliza ndikutsekera anthu ambiri kunyumba komwe idakhudzidwa.
"Ian ndi chitsanzo chabwino," adatero House. "Ngati isunthira kwinakwake kuneneratu masiku awiri kuchokera pano, ngakhale makilomita 10 kumpoto, Port Charlotte ikumana ndi maopaleshoni owopsa kuposa Fort Myers Beach."
M’kalasi, iye anati, “Tsatirani malangizo akusamuka. Musaganize kuti zoloserazo zidzakhala zangwiro. Ganizirani zoipa kwambiri. Ngati sichitero, kondwerani.”
Zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe a m'deralo ndi momwe mphepo yamkuntho imayendera, kuthamanga kwa mphepo ndi kukula kwa mphepo yamkuntho, zingakhudze momwe zimakhalira komanso momwe zimakankhira madzi, House adatero.
Kum'maŵa kwa Florida ndikochepa pang'ono kukumana ndi mvula yamkuntho yoopsa kuposa kumadzulo kwa Florida.
Mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo kwa Florida yazunguliridwa ndi mtunda wa makilomita 150 m'lifupi mwake wotchedwa West Florida Shelf. Monga ku Biscayne Bay, madzi onse osaya m'mphepete mwa Gulf Coast amathandizira kukula kwa mafunde a mkuntho. Pagombe lakum'mawa, mosiyana, shelefu ya kontinenti imangoyenda pafupifupi kilomita imodzi kuchokera pagombe pamalo ake opapatiza pafupi ndi malire a zigawo za Broward ndi Palm Beach.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti madzi akuya a Biscayne Bay ndi magombe amatha kuyamwa madzi ochulukirapo chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho, kotero samawonjezerapo.
Komabe, malinga ndi National Hurricane Center's Storm Surge Risk Map, chiwopsezo cha mafunde opitilira 9 mapazi panthawi yamkuntho ya Gulu 4 chidzachitika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya South Miami-Dade ku Biscayne Bay, m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Miami, komanso madera osiyanasiyana . ngalande, komanso kumbuyo kwa zisumbu zotchinga monga Biscayne Bay ndi magombe. M'malo mwake, Miami Beach ndi yotsika kuposa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale pachiwopsezo cha mafunde mukamayenda kudutsa gombelo.
Mapu a Splash ochokera ku Hurricane Center akuwonetsa kuti mkuntho wa Gulu 4 udzatumiza mafunde akulu mailosi kumtunda m'malo ena. Madzi owopsa amatha kusefukira chakum'mawa kwa gombe la Miami ndi Upper East Side ya Miami, kupitilira mtsinje wa Miami mpaka ku Hialeah, kusefukira m'mudzi wa Coral Gables kum'mawa kwa Old Cutler Road ndi madzi opitilira 9, kusefukira kwa Pinecrest ndikuwukira Nyumba pafamu ya Miami kum'mawa.
Okonza midziyi adanena kuti mphepo yamkuntho Yan inabweretsadi ngozi kwa anthu okhala ku Biscayne Bay, koma mphepo yamkuntho inachoka pamphepete mwa nyanja kummawa kwa Orlando, Florida patatha masiku angapo. Patatha sabata imodzi, kusokonezeka kwa nyengo komwe adasiya adatumiza "sitima yonyamula katundu" ku gombe la Biscayne Bay, lomwe linawonongeka kwambiri, mkulu wa mapulani a mudzi Jeremy Kaleros-Gogh adati. Mafundewo anakantha mchenga wochuluka kwambiri m’milumo, zimene zinabwezeretsa mphepo yamkuntho yodekha, ndi m’mphepete mwa mapaki ndi malo okhala m’mphepete mwa nyanja.
"Pa Biscayne Beach, anthu akusefa ngati simunawonepo," adatero Calleros-Goger.
Mkulu woona zachitetezo m'mudzi wa Samimi anawonjezera kuti: "Mphepete mwa nyanja yawonongeka. Anthu okhalamo amawona izi momveka bwino. Anthu amaziwona. Sizongoyerekeza. ”
Komabe, akatswiri amanena kuti ngakhale malamulo abwino kwambiri, uinjiniya ndi mankhwala achilengedwe sangathetse kuopsa kwa moyo wa anthu ngati anthu sakuwaganizira. Iwo ali ndi nkhaŵa kuti anthu ambiri akumaloko aiwala kwanthaŵi yaitali maphunziro a Andrew, ngakhale kuti zikwi zambiri za obwera kumene sanakumanepo ndi chimphepo chamkuntho. Iwo akuwopa kuti ambiri anyalanyaza malamulo oti asamuke amene adzafuna kuti anthu masauzande ambiri achoke m’nyumba zawo pakagwa chimphepo chamkuntho.
Meya wa Miami-Dade, a Daniella Levine Cava, adati ali ndi chidaliro kuti chenjezo loyambirira lachigawocho silingabweretse aliyense m'mavuto pakagwa chimphepo chamkuntho. Adanenanso kuti madera opangira opaleshoni adadziwika bwino ndipo boma likupereka thandizo mwanjira yozungulira yomwe imatengera anthu kumalo okhala.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-10-2022